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How AI works

See what a chatbot does when it answers you, and why a confident answer can still be wrong.

How a language model writes an answer one piece at a time, where its knowledge came from and where it stops. Each lesson goes with one full video, and each chapter has its own short clip.

The lessons, in order

  1. How AI writes its answers: one piece at a time

    9 min read · 7 chapters · 5 short clips

    An AI chat app does not work out a whole answer and then show it. It writes one small piece at a time, and a weighted roll of the die picks each piece. This lesson follows one question from Enter to the last word, and shows what that means for your limits, your long chats and the Thinking switch.

    1. Same question, 2 different answers51 s
    2. Autocomplete that has read a library1:15
    3. It reads pieces, not words1:31
    4. Tokens are the currency1:38
    5. A weighted die picks each piece2:04
    6. What "Thinking" is
    7. The 4 things to keep
  2. How AI learns: a guessing game, not a database

    10 min read · 9 chapters · 5 short clips

    An AI model learned by guessing the next word across a vast pile of text, and what it kept is patterns, not pages. This lesson follows that training in order, from the reading and the teaching to the practice and the day the reading stopped, and shows what each step means for the answers you get.

    1. The puzzle: no news from last week, but a pie nobody has baked52 s
    2. It read a library by playing one guessing game1:35
    3. It kept the patterns, not the books1:11
    4. People taught it manners afterwards1:06
    5. Practice with a score taught it to work things out
    6. Its reading stopped on a date1:14
    7. It is not learning from you as you chat
    8. It learned our mistakes too
    9. When to trust the answer

Every lesson has the same 4 parts

  1. Watch

    The full video, and a short clip at each chapter if you only want that part.

  2. Read

    The longer explanation, with the sums worked out and a link to the source of every fact.

  3. Try it

    An experiment you run in your own AI assistant, with prompts to copy and what to look for.

  4. Check

    3 questions that put the idea in a new situation, each with the reason for its answer.